בשל "הגנת זכויות יוצרים" מובא להלן קישור לתקציר המאמר. לקריאתו בטקסט מלא, אנא פנה/י לספרייה הרפואית הזמינה לך.

בשל "הגנת זכויות יוצרים" מובא להלן קישור לתקציר המאמר. לקריאתו בטקסט מלא, אנא פנה/י לספרייה הרפואית הזמינה לך.

Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is a vasospastic condition of the digits that can be primary or secondary to systemic disease.

Symptoms are triggered by cold or stress and can cause pain and skin color changes. The chronic ischemia may lead to necrosis, ulceration, and amputation.

There are no Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments and cases refractory to pharmacologic and surgical treatments are difficult to control.

Local botulinum toxin injections have been increasingly used in the treatment of Raynaud disease and have shown promising results.

Aim of the study

To examine the outcomes, techniques, and complications of botulinum toxin use for the treatment of Raynaud disease.

The PubMed database was queried using “botulinum toxin” AND “Raynaud phenomenon” as title key words.

Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis criteria were used.

Additional articles were selected while reviewing the references of the articles from PubMed. No time restrictions were followed.