בשל "הגנת זכויות יוצרים", מובא להלן קישור למאמר בלבד. לקריאתו בטקסט מלא, אנא פנה לספרייה הרפואית הזמינה לך.

Facial flap procedures may be difficult for surgical trainees to conceptualize and challenging for supervising surgeons to allow entrustment early in training.

Simulation outside of the operating room may accelerate and enhance the surgical education experience.

design and manufacture a 3-dimensional (3-D)–printed, multilayer, anatomically accurate facial flap model for use in surgical education.

In this multicenter validation study, a 3-D–printed facial flap simulator was designed from a computed tomographic (CT) scan and manufactured for low-cost, high-fidelity simulation.

Expert otolaryngology–head and neck surgeon feedback was acquired through surgical rehearsal and performance of 8 local facial flap procedures on the facial flap simulator by 7 otolaryngologists fellowship trained in facial plastic surgery.