בשל "הגנת זכויות יוצרים", מובא להלן קישור למאמר בלבד. לקריאתו בטקסט מלא, אנא פנה/י לספרייה הרפואית הזמינה לך.

Neurotoxins initially were used to treat hyperfunctional rhytids of the face, but now have been expanded to improve facial shaping, correct facial asymmetry and even improve skin texture and tone.

The clinical approach to non-surgical facial rejuvenation is approached into four anatomical regions: the upper face, midface, lower face and neck.

The key muscles of the upper face include frontalis, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, procerus, depressor supercilii and temporalis.

The muscles in the midface to be discussed include the levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, depressor anguli oris, depressor septi nasi and nasalis.

Treatment of the lower face focuses on the orbicularis oris, mentalis, depressor anguli oris and masseter muscles.

Finally, treatment of the neck region will be reviewed with emphasis on platysmal bands and necklace lines as well as the Nefertiti lift.